Glossary |
Type | Description | Name |
---|---|---|
0x10 | $STANDARD_INFORMATION | |
0x30 | $FILE_NAME | $LogFile |
0x80 | $DATA | [Unnamed] |
Little is known about the LogFile's structure.
The logging area consists of a sequence of 4KB log records. Each logrecord is structured as follows:
offset(length) contents 0(4) Magic number 'RCRD' 1E(12) Fixup
The logrecord supposedly contains a sequence of variable sized records. The structuring of those is not clear. File 2 is $LogFile, which contains transaction records to guarantee data integrity in case of a system failure. As pp. 37 describe, it consists of 2 copies of the restart area, and the 'infinite' logging area.
When you want to write a file on a storage unit, you have to update the file itself plus some tables of the filesystem (say as an example the date of the file). At this point, you need a transaction made of 2 operations (update the file itself, update the date of the file).
If the transaction is realized, you are sure that your file is written on the storage unit, and that the filesystem has been left in a defined state.
If the transaction is not realized (in case of e.g. power failure, or system failure in general), the filesystem is in an undefined state. The only way for you to put it back in a defined (and sane) state (this operation is called a roll-back) is to log in a special file, the log file, which operations of the transaction have been successfully completed.
At the first access to the disk after a system failure, the system read the log file and rolls back all the operations to the beginning of the last transaction.
Note: This operation is not performed by the Windows NT chkdsk utility, but by the system: this normal and reliable operation is a feature of NTFS.
Log file organization: Two restart areas present in the first two pages (restart pages). When the volume is unmounted they should be identical. These are followed by log records organized in pages headed by a record header going up to log file size. Not all pages contain log records when a volume is first formatted, but as the volume ages, all records will be used. When the log file fills up, the records at the beginning are purged (by modifying the oldest_lsn to a higher value presumably) and writing begins at the beginning of the file. Effectively, the log file is viewed as a circular entity. Log file restart page header (begins the restart area). struct { NTFS_RECORD; The magic is "RSTR". __u64 chkdsk_lsn; The check disk log file sequence number for this restart page. Only used when the magic is changed to "CHKD". = 0 __u32 system_page_size; Byte size of system pages, has to be >= 512 and a power of 2. Use this to calculate the required size of the usa and add this to the ntfs.usa_offset value. Then verify that the result is less than the value of the restart_offset. = 0x1000 __u32 log_page_size; Byte size of log file records, has to be >= 512 and a power of 2. = 0x1000 __u16 restart_offset; Byte offset from the start of the record to the restart record. Value has to be aligned to 8-byte boundary. = 0x30 __s16 minor_ver; Log file minor version. Only check if major version is 1. (=1 but >=1 is treated the same and <=0 is also ok) __u16 major_ver; Log file major version (=1 but =0 is ok) } RESTART_PAGE_HEADER; Log file restart area record. The offset of this record is found by adding the offset of the RESTART_PAGE_HEADER to the restart_offset value found in it. struct { __u64 current_lsn; Log file record. = 0x700000, 0x700808 __u16 log_clients; Number of log client records following the restart_area. = 1 __u16 client_free_list; How many clients are free(?). If != 0xffff, check that log_clients > client_free_list. = 0xffff __u16 client_in_use_list;How many clients are in use(?). If != 0xffff check that log_clients > client_in_use_list. = 0 __u16 flags; ??? = 0 __u32 seq_number_bits; ??? = 0x2c or 0x2d __u16 restart_area_length;Length of the restart area. Following checks required if version matches. Otherwise, skip them. restart_offset + restart_area_length has to be <lt;= system_page_size. Also, restart_area_length has to be >= client_array_offset + (log_clients * 0xa0). = 0xd0 __u16 client_array_offset;Offset from the start of this record to the first client record if versions are matched. The offset is otherwise assumed to be (sizeof(RESTART_AREA) + 7) & ~7, i.e. rounded up to first 8-byte boundary. Either way, the offset to the client array has to be aligned to an 8-byte boundary. Also, restart_offset + offset to the client array have to be <lt;= 510. Also, the offset to the client array + (log_clients * 0xa0) have to be <lt;= SystemPageSize. = 0x30 __u64 file_size; Byte size of the log file. If the restart_offset + the offset of the file_size are > 510 then corruption has occured. This is the very first check when starting with the restart_area as if it fails it means that some of the above values will be corrupted by the multi sector transfer protection! If the structure is deprotected then these checks are futile of course. Calculate the file_size bits and check that seq_number_bits == 0x43 - file_size bits. = 0x400000 __u32 last_lsn_data_length;??? = 0, 0x40 __u16 record_length; Byte size of this record. If the version matches then check that the value of record_length is a multiple of 8, i.e. (record_length + 7) & ~7 == record_length. = 0x30 __u16 log_page_data_offset;??? = 0x40 } RESTART_AREA; Log file client record. Starts at 0x58 even though AFAIU the above it should start at 0x60. Something fishy is going on. /-: struct { __u64 oldest_lsn; Oldest log file sequence number for this client record. = 0xbd16951d __u64 client_restart_lsn;??? = 0x700000, 0x700827, 0x700d07 __u16 prev_client; ??? = 0x808, 0xd07, 0xd5d __u16 next_client; ??? = 0x70 __u16 seq_number; ??? = 0, 4 size uncertain, Regis calls this "volume clear flag" and gives a size of one byte. __u16 client_name; ??? = empty string??? size uncertain } RESTART_CLIENT; NOTE: Above client record is followed by 0xffffffff probably to indicate the end of the restart area. Then there are 8 bytes = 0, then one __u32 = 8, followed by the Unicode string "NTFS" and then zeroes till the end of the page. Is this important at all? Log page record page header. Each log page begins with this header and is followed by several LOG_RECORD structures. struct { NTFS_RECORD; The magic is "RCRD". union { __u64 last_lsn; __u32 file_offset; } copy; __u32 flags; __u16 page_count; __u16 page_position; union { struct { __u64 next_record_offset; __u64 last_end_lsn; } packed; } header; } RECORD_PAGE_HEADER; Possible flags for log records. enum { LOG_RECORD_MULTI_PAGE = 1, ??? LOG_RECORD_SIZE_PLACE_HOLDER = 0xffff, This has nothing to do with the log record. It is only so gcc knows to make the flags 16-bit. } LOG_RECORD_FLAGS; Log record header. struct { __u64 this_lsn; __u64 client_previous_lsn; __u64 client_undo_next_lsn; __u32 client_data_length; struct { __u16 seq_number; __u16 client_index; } client_id; __u32 record_type; __u32 transaction_id; LOG_RECORD_FLAGS flags; __u16 reserved_or_alignment[3]; Now are at ofs 0x30 into struct. __u16 redo_operation; __u16 undo_operation; __u16 redo_offset; __u16 redo_length; __u16 undo_offset; __u16 undo_length; __u16 target_attribute; __u16 lcns_to_follow; Number of lcn_list entries following this entry. __u16 record_offset; __u16 attribute_offset; __u32 alignment_or_reserved; __u32 target_vcn; __u32 alignment_or_reserved1; struct { Only present if lcns_to_follow is not 0. __u32 lcn; __u32 alignment_or_reserved; } lcn_list[0]; } LOG_RECORD; The restart area (supposedly) has a pointer into the log area, such as the first and last log records written and the last checkpoint record written. If the restart area is screwed, recovery will be very hard - therefore you have two copies of the restart areas. Individual log records are identified by logical sequence numbers (LSNs). The log area wraps around, but the LSNs don't (at least not anytime soon), so they are used for identifying log records instead of the offset in the log file. Any modification of meta data (such as updating the time stamp that the file system was opened) will result in log file actions, which in turn result in restart area changes. It might well be that the dirty bit is implicit rather than explicit: The file system is clean if the last log record says that there are no pending transactions.